Admixture and History

 

General Mixture model of Indians

ITU and General Telugu Haplogroup distribution

 ITU is a dataset of Telugu people in UK. following is their Y-DNA Haplogroup distribution

The H and R2 show close to 25% in this set

A Cross section of Y-DNA obtained from 23andme from Hundreds of samples show following distribution

Adding more samples show higher J2b2 among many castes, some F2 is also present. J2b2 found to be present among large section of population both lower caste and upper caste at 10% among Kamma, Balija, Kapu, Settibalija, Mala and Madiga castes. F2 is upper SE Asian y-dna that is found among Kapus and Reddies and probably similar to the K y-dna present among Telugus.

• H is close to 24%
• R2 is 19%
• R1a is 10%
• F is 3%
• J2b2 is 10%
• L1 is 12%

Velanadu chiefs (A.D. 1020-1286)

 The earliest epigraphic reference to this region i.e. Velanadu, is found in not less than ten records issued by the Eastern Chalukyan kings. The Tenali plates of Vijayaditya I 1 records this region as Vilanandu vishaya along with ten villages Sancharambu, Kavuru, Sannavrolu, Inturu, Gottimuku and Karamcheadu. The Cheruvu Madhavaram plates of Kali Vishnuvardhana V 2 refer to this region along with its village Kandravati, A record of Amma I 3 found at Tenali refers to this region as Velinadu-vishaya and a village Pulivarru ( modern Pedda Pulivarru in the Repalli taluk of Guntur District) located in it. This region is also referred to in one of the records of Amma II,4 which states that Alaparti, Chinturu, Pedda Galidiparru, Valiveru, Tapparala and Konda-Galiparru, were located in this region which was an administrative division under Chalukyas of Vengi. One of the inscriptions issued by Badapa,5 dated 945 A.D. includes Arumbaka, Cherukumballi, Sripundi, Kavuru and Gomaduvu in this administrative division. This region as an administrative division, was also figured in the inscription issued by Tala II,6 An inscription found at Valiveru 7 in the Tenali taluk of Guntur district refers to this region as Velananti vishaya in which Valiveru was included. It is of interest to state here that another record found in the same village 8 mentions it as Velanandu-6000. After the downfall of Chalukyas of Vengi the present Andhra desa passed on to the Chola kingdom. Kulottunga Chola amalgamated Andhra desa into Chola kingdom and started ruling it from Tanjavaur, the Chola capital. During the time of the Cholas this region was referred to in the inscriptions by several names, namely, Velanandu,9 Velanandu-Vishaya,10 Velananti-desa,11 Aruvela-nadu, Shat Sahasravani 12( this is the Sanskrit form of Telugu, Aruvela nadu, and Trisatottara Shatsahasravani, that is the land that contained 6,300 villages 13 The inscriptions refer to several villages included in this division. Nidumbrolu, (modern Nidubrolu in Guntur district) Chembrolu, (modern Chebrolu) Valiveru, (present Valiveru) Perumanduru (modern Penumarru) Davuluru (present Davuluru) Cherumumballi, Kroyyuru and Dhanadapura were some of them. (from Sri M. Madhusudhana Rao Article)

Following post from M Rama Rao in Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society Volume V Part 2 Oct 1930 summarizes the research on Velanati Chodas. It shows that the earliest Pithapuram pillar inscription talks about they adopted by Yudhistira and ruled the Kirtipura in Madhesh country (Between Nepal and Bihar). Their earliest King Indra ruled there and his son Kirtivarman I, then Mallavarman and then Rana durjaya I, Kirtivarman II, Rana Durjaya II and His son Kirtivarman III. Kirtivarman III's son Malla I helped Trilochana Pallava obtain land and subdue the kings of the Ganges, Kalingas, Vangas, Magadhas, Andhras, Pulindas, Kuntala, Kerala, the Gaudas, Pandyas, Bhoja, Marata, Lata and Kataka. He possessed regal ensigns received from Yudhishtara and handed down, to him by the succession of his race. He obtained Shatsahasrajagati and ruled with his capital at Dhanadapura. Malla I is the king to find mention in other Velanandu inscriptions besides the Pithapur pillar, in much briefer terms. Two records at Draksharamamention that King Malla was born in the fourth caste and secured Velananduvishaya with the insignia of a feudatory by helping Trinayanapallava. The only c.p. grant of the dynastyrefers to him as Mallibhupa and his suzerain and Tryambaka pallava, the other details agreeing with those in Draksharama inscriptions. Shatsahasrajagati and Velanandu Vishaya are identical and Malla I seems to have ruled it with capital at Chandavole The only connecting link between him and his predecessors is in the statement that he inherited the insignia conferred on Indrasena by Yudhishtara. The chronology of Malla is dependent on that of Trilochana pallava with whom many dynasties of the Telugu country claim connection and whose historicity is yet to be fixed in South Indian History. It is also to be noted that "The Karnat or Karnata dynasty (Karṇāṭa) was a dynasty established in 1097 CE by Nanyadeva. near the Madesh area" and so we can see there was strong historical connection with Madesh and the Telugu/Kannada people since Mauryans but also before that during Janapada era.

Rajendra Choda who succeeded Gonka had title "Durjayakula Prakasa". This title was used frequently used by other dynasties such as Parichchedis, Natavadis, Kondapadumati, Chadi, Kakatiyas, Kandravadi, Konakandravadis in this area had similar title. Also most times this title of "Durjayakula Prakasa" or "Durjayavamsarajatilaka" was mentioned with "Kamma Kulotbhava" and some times the Gotras of Kamma castes like Vallutla were mentioned. 

The downfall of the Cholas witnessed the independent rule of their feudatory Velanati Choda for a few decades, It became prominent under the Velanati Chodas. They were the rulers of this region. They were originally the sub-ordinates of the Cholas, but for a few years they exercised as semi independent rulers of this region. However they became the feudatories of the Kakatiyas of Warangal when they invaded the region and subjugated it. The Velanati chodas or chiefs made . Chandavolu or Dhanadapuramu as their capital. The Chandavolu inscription describes this region as Velanadu.15. The Pedda Makkena epigraph, dated A.D.1175,16 refers to it as Velanandu vishaya. The Amaravati pillar inscription dated 1182,17 the Pithapuram pillar inscription 18 and the Chebrolu19 record refers to this division as Krishnavenna nadi dakshina tata sahasravani that is the land of 6ooo villages situated on the southern side of the Krishna river. This region under Velanati chodas, may be identified with Tenali, Repalle, and Bapatla taluks of Guntur District,. It also covered modern Divi taluk of adjacent Krishna District. Under Kakatiyas the Velanadu became a mere administrative division until the downfall of Kakatiyas.The Duggirala epigraph20 states that Duggiralapundi, Ivani, Merampundi, and Duggamapundi were the constituent villages of the unit. Kroyyuru (presnt Krosuru, Divi taluk of Krishna District was included in Velanadu.21 It is known from the Chebrolu record dated A.D.1235 22 that Mromtakuru was a part of Velanadu. Thus Velanadu, during Kakatiya rule embraced the region that extended to the north of the Krishna river, that is to the present Vijayawada region in the Krishna District.23 From the above discussion it was the most popular and prominent region in Andhra desa. It is probable that it included the present Repalle, Tenali, and Guntur taluks of Guntur distrit., Divi taluk and Vijayawada taluk of Krishna district It lay on the southern bank of the Krishna river and adjacent to Kammarashtra in south and Pallinadu in the west. Geographically it became an important region in the coastal Andhra desa for nearly 300 years.

 Pinna Chodi was most likely a vassal of the Velanati Choda king Prithvisvara before being subjugated by the Kakatiyas, so attacking Pinna Chodi also meant war with the Velanati Chodas. Sometime after Malyala Chaunda's campaign, King Prithvisvara marched south to the Krishna region. However, he was met by a coalition of forces who were opposed to the Velanati Chodas, including the Kakatiyas, Prince Tikka Bhupala of Nellore, and Mahamandalesvara Ballaya of Kammanadu. The Velanati Choda army was destroyed by the allied forces, and King Prithvisvara was killed. Subsequently, both Ganapatideva and Tikka Bhupala took the title Prithvisvara-shirah-kanduka-krida-vinoda, i.e. "one who played ball with the head of Prithvisvara." The last known record of Prithvisvara was in 1206, while the earliest known record of Ganaptideva in Velanadu (roughly the region between the Krishna and Penner rivers) is in 1209. Thus, it seems that Velanadu was annexed by the Kakatiyas sometime between 1206 and 1209. In 1213, Ganapatideva appointed Jaya-senapati as governor of the province.

Bibliography

[1] Epigraphia Indica Volumes XXXVI pp 94ff
[2] Ibid.Vol.XXXVII pp 41ff 
[3] Annual Report Epigraphy. 1924 No A-3 
[4] Epigraphia Indica Volumes XXIV pp 268 ff
[5] Ibid.Vol. XIX pp 137 ff 
[6] Ibid 
[7] South Indian Inscriptions Volume X No 6 
[8] Ibid. No 8 
[9] South Indian Inscriptions Volume. IV. No 1295 
[10] Ibid.Nos 1130 &1165
[11] Ibid.Vol.X No 91 
[12] Epigraphia Indica Volumes VI pp 223 ff 
[13] South Indian Inscriptions Volume IV no 1132 

Caste autosomal analysis

 A rough analysis of available Telugu castes on the global25 parameters using nmonte shows following insights. In reality many samples are mixed ones so these are the global trends to get rough estimate.

     Nambudri = UP Brahmin + 50% Syrian christian  or 32% Kamma

    Kamma = NW India Punjabi lahore + 15% Syrian christian + 15% Mixed Tamil Brahmin Pallar + 10% Guj Patel

       Closest matches are from Gujarati and Punjab Lahore and Tamil and Kerala Christian matches. The first match looks like Gujarati Bania, Second one is Gujarati-A group, Third one is Punjabi Lahore sample that looks like UP Muslim trader 

    Velama = 75% Kamma + 25% Mixed Tamil Brahmin & Pallar & Bengal Bihar

     Reddy = 60% Kamma + 15% Guj Patel + 25% Mixed Tamil Brahmin & Pallar mixed Kerala christian & thiyya

     Kapu = 25% Kamma + 50% Bihar-Bengal + 15% Mixed Kerala + 10% Mixed Tamil Brahmin & Pallar

     Komati = 25% Patel + 75% Mixed Tamil Brahmin & Pallar & Bihar-Bengal

      Iyer = 25% Kamma + 75% Mixed Tamil & Kerala castes

    Mala =  close to Pallan + extra Bihar-Bengal-Chattisgarh & extra austro asiatic

Madiga is Mala + extra central Indian HG like Satnami

Shahr-e-Sokhte 2 samples and nearness

 

Finding closer to the Shahr-e-Sokhte2 samples. Looking at a generic PCA of my FTDNA sample and the Iyer samples and the Patel sample, these look closest to the Shahr-e-Sokhte2 samples and mine looks closest to the Shahr-e-Sokhte3 sample.

Now doing one on one against the Iyer-1-14 sample that is closest to the Shahr-e-Sokhte2 samples with my Dante sample shows mine Dante sample is 1.22 more nearby than the Iyer-1-14 sample.

running NMONTE on my and Iyer-1-14 sample shows it prefers more Yana and Ust-Ishim while mine prefers little bit Hoabinh but overall higher Shahr-e-Sokhte2

Checking the actual SNPs matched shows my sample matches close to 1024 SNPs on Shahr-e-Sokhte2 I11456 sample and chunks of > 20cM segments

Similarly on Shahr-e-Sokhte3 I8728 sample My Dante sample matches 269SNP

The overall Shahr-e-Sokhte 2 matches on my file are atleast 5-10% more than the nearest Indian samples.

The Bronze age time line on my FTDNA+Myheritage sample shows 20+ cM chunks on Shahr-e-Sokhte2 and 2.27cM on Helmand samples. The ancient Greek BA samples (probably outliers) show big chunks of 20, 30 and 40cMs on many samples. There is also matches with Gonur samples, BA Bulgaria, Ebla and Anatolia BA, Copper age Italy etc...

Running few samples showing current day mixtures, shows following. The Punjabi Lahore is high among Nambudri, Iyer samples and Kamma. Velamas have Punjabi Lahore but high of Brahmin mixed input from TN. Reddy have Pallan and Patel like mix. 

adding additional Kerala samples decreases the Punjabi Lahore of Iyers but Nambudri and Kamma stays same