Change of paternal ydna in Iran over ages

 from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99743-w

Ancient DNA indicates 3,000 years of genetic continuity in the Northern Iranian Plateau, from the Copper Age to the Sassanid Empire

Summary of the uniparental data. (A) Distribution of the ancient Iranian mtDNA haplogroups; asterisks denote the samples analysed in this study. (B) PCA plot based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in modern Iranian and selected ancient Iranian groups. Using the frequencies of 36 haplogroups in modern and ancient Iranian populations, the first two principal components (PCs) capture 22.1% of the total variance (see Supplementary Table S6 for details). To maintain consistency and prevent sampling bias, we selected only those ancient groups that had more than 10 individuals or could be merged geographically and temporally, such as our historical samples. (C) Distribution of the ancient Iranian Y-chromosomal haplogroups (details in Supplementary Table S7).

Shows Presence of H ydna in Chalcolithic and Bronze Age, which disappeared in Iron Age. Today only less than 1% is H in some areas of Iran.

Presence of R2 was big during Neolithic (probably due to some Neolithic areas overrepresented in the aDNA samples ) which lost steam during Chalcolithic and completely gone by the time of Bronze Age. Today R2 is mostly limited to Indian subcontinent. 

Presence of L1 happened during Chalcolithic and Bronze age and extended into IA but lost completely during the IA, Now L1 is also mostly restricted to Indian Subcontinent.

The historical matches during Medieval shows mostly J1 and J2 samples dominate in Iran which caused earlier groups of people of R2 and L1 mostly moved out to Indian subcontinent

Ancient Greek and Italian matches

The Mycenean Era was the time of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Nestor and his Palace feature prominently in these powerful epics. The Late Helladic II burial of the so-called Griffin Warrior, discovered at Pylos in 2015, yielded hundreds of precious artifacts. Pylos is a name out of time and legend, immortalized by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey, as was the name of Nestor, the son of Neleus and Agamemnon’s right-hand man and aged advisor during the war with Troy.

Extraordinary contents of the single grave that was discovered near the ancient city of Pylos, in the Peloponnese as well as more recent discoveries. Credit: Greek Ministry of Culture

Matching samples

Helladic Manika

Oetzi

Meggido 

Civilizational heatmap by chromosome shows strong contribution from Greek and Sicani (Oetzi) and Helmand (Shahr-e-Sokhte) in first 12 chromos

Other Samples

100. Bronze Age Northern Iran Bozoodpey-Ghal-e Ben Bozroodpey Tepe
1100 BC - Genetic Distance: 10.04 - BOE002