Andhra caste relation tree

 

Neighbor-joining network of genetic distances among caste communities estimated from 40 Alu polymorphisms. Distances between upper castes (U; Brahmin, Vysya, Kshatriya), middle castes (M; Yadava, Kapu), and lower castes (L; Mala, Madiga, Relli) are significantly correlated with social rank.

Our analysis of 40 autosomal markers indicates clearly that the upper castes have a higher affinity to Europeans than to Asians. The high affinity of caste Y chromosomes with those of Europeans suggests that the majority of immigrating West Eurasians may have been males. As might be expected if West Eurasian males appropriated the highest positions in the caste system, the upper caste group exhibits a lower genetic distance to Europeans than the middle or lower castes. This is underscored by the observation that the Kshatriya (an upper caste), whose members served as warriors, are closer to Europeans than any other caste (data not shown). Furthermore, the 32-bp deletion polymorphism in CC chemokine receptor 5, whose frequency peaks in populations of Eastern Europe, is found only in two Brahmin males (M. Bamshad and S.K. Ahuja, unpubl.). The stratification of Y-chromosome distances with Europeans could also be caused by male-specific gene flow among caste populations of different rank. However, we and others have demonstrated that there is little sharing of Y-chromosome haplotypes among castes of different rank

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311057/

Jat Haplogroup

 Ancestral geographic origins of 9 Y-chromosome haplogroups of the Jats.

Haplogroup	India	Pakistan	Total	Percent	Marker	Age (kya)	Geographic origins
E	3	0	3	1.0%	M96	~30–40	Northeast Africa, part of second migration out of Africa, initially settled in Middle East
G	11	0	11	3.6%	M201	~10–23	Eastern edge of the Middle East, close to Himalayan foothills, Indus Valley
H	10	1	11	3.6%	M69	~30	South central Asia, known as the “Indian Marker”
I	3	0	3	1.0%	M170	~25	Europe, Near East, Central Asia, known as the “European haplogroup”
J	28	1	29	9.6%	M304	~15	Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers)
L	110	1	111	36.8%	M11	~25–30	Pamir Knot region (Hindu Kush, Tian Shan, Himalayas) in Tajikistan, Indus Valley
Q	47	0	47	15.6%	M242	~15–20	Siberia (North Asia), descendants first arrivals in North America
R	81	5	86	28.5%	M207	~4–27	Central Asia (Caspian Sea to border of western China), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
T	1	0	1	0.3%	M184	~25	Low frequencies Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa
Totals	294	8	302	100.0%

Migration diagram for major Haplogroups

 The migration diagram for major Haplogroup and Castes shown below

As shown in the diagram many castes are recent formed during Medieval period from multiple ancient Sources. Gangetic Brahmins in UP look include recent mix from multiple sources post Buddhist era especially Uttarkhand and Bhumihars and parts of UP. Whereas Southern and Eastern Brahmins are more from the earlier era. The Middle castes that are Farmer/Ruler category are also very highly mixed. The Kshatriyas are from multiple waves of input some of whom harbor the Eneolithic Steppe. There was also an North african migration in very ancient times which brought in new crops and technologies, even today we see some Haplo T and very small E present in parts of India.

 

The oldest migrations are 

  H1 from 35000BC, 

J2a from 8000BC, 

O2 from 6000BC, 

J2b from 4000BC, 

L1 from 2000BC and 

R1a/R2 from 1500BC.

The migrations at the Neolithic time probably looked like this,

From Reich lab figures for latest dates of caste formation and their admix