G25 Analysis of Indian castes

 Running G25 analysis and Southern castes and some northern ones using Swat samples, pulliyar and kadar for AASI & AASI mixed with UP, Kazakh MLBA and EBA, SIS BA2, Gonur1, Amur river BA, Belgium UP,  Italy Daunian shows a pattern

Belgium UP European HG shows up in some Southern castes and UP Brahmin east 

Udegram IA was an ancient Swat town full of Haplogroup E people. Some Brahmins such as UP Brahmins in East and Southern castes seem to have noticeable amount of it.

Pakistan Saidu Sharief was a Buddhist town which seems to be present high among Baniyas, Rajput and Sarypareen/Kanyakubj brahmins

Iran Shahr E Sokhte BA2 was a group of samples found to be high in present Indian like. It is found high in Velamas, Kammas, UP Brahmin East, Kallars etc..

Pulliyars are a AASI population which is shared high with Nambudris, Chamars and Velamas

Kazakh MLBA shows up high in Brahmins, Bhumihars and Rajput

Pakistan Loebanr is a swat town that had Haplogroup L along with H and others. It is very high amoung Punjabis and Brahmins.

Pakistan Swat valley Katelai is a town full of R2 and H1 people found high among Brahmins and Kallars

Kadars are a forest tribals who seem to have some Asian UP and AASI that match high for Chamars, Kallars etc..

Japan JOMON is HG found widely in India among all groups

Italy Daunian is a Med and EBA mixed people influence found among NW Yavan mixed populations, some Brahmins, Kammas etc.

Iberomaurisians are North African population whose admix found among Rajputs, Brahmins and Kammas

Gonur1 was a BMAc town. Many SOuthern castes have high of Gonur BA and some Rajputs and Brahmins

Kazakh Kumsay EBA is ancient admix found among Bhumihars

China Amur river is a North east asia BA era which is found among groups such as Uttarkhands Brahmins and some Rajpts

Swat Aligrama Historical is found high among some Rajputs and Brahmins

Kadars high part2

Pakistan Aligrama IA is ancient town that has influence in South India among Vellalars, Bunts, Kammas, Velama, Reddy etc..

Timeline of mtDNA in Indian Sub continent

 

Timeline for AMH evolution in South Asia based on genetic, archaeological, climatological and linguistic evidence. Black and grey portions of the arrow represent Pleistocene and Holocene, respectively. Blue sections correspond to periods of climate changes: dryer periods between 35 and 30 ka, Last Glacial Maximum ~18 ka, Younger Dryas ~12 ka and the " 4.2 ka " event. Lineages in red stand for the putative Late Glacial/postglacial genetic influx from West Eurasia; green for migrations from West Eurasia around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, orange for the Neolithic period and blue for the genetic events in the last 4 ka 

Maternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven,consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5and 3.5 ka

This result suggests that an ancient western ancestry may have been disguised by further re-expansions ofhaplogroup M in South Asia. Several branches of M(M38, M65, M45, M5b, M5c, M34, M57, M33a) display signals of dispersals from the east and the centre datingt o ~45–35 ka, and M4’67 (which is only separated by asingle mutation from the root of M), with a possible origin in central India, displays an extraordinary multi-branching structure dating to 38.0 [30.1; 46.0] ka, suggesting a major expansion at that time. If we considerthat a root type of M could have survived for ~10,000 yearsafter it arose (as is evident from modern clades within thatage range), it is plausible that re-expansion created a sec-ondary founder effect within M that decreased the overallage estimates. Such a scenario would impact even moreon ρthan ML estimates, which is indeed what we see(Table 1). An expansion 45–35 ka would also fit well with the palaeoenvironmental and archaeological evidence[2, 67, 68], and is further supported by an increment inNeassociated with M across South Asia from ~40 ka(Additional file 1: Figure S1).The next major discernible signal in indigenous lineages begins ~12 ka, at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition.Various star-like clades dating 12–9 ka suggest a rapid ex-pansion across the Subcontinent, namely M6a1a (11.4 ka),M18a (9.2 ka), M30d (12.1 ka), R8b1 (11.6 ka) and U2b2(9.2 ka), all from a southern source; and R30c + 373(12.4 ka), from the west. An increment in Neis also ob-served at this time in the BSP for haplogroup M in thewest and south (Additional file 1: Figure S1).We also see a further increment in the last few millennia.BSPs for M in the west and centre show an increment inthelast2.5ka(Additionalfile1:FigureS1),associated withthe emergence of several subclades in the west (M2a3a +4314, M2a1b, M2c + 1888 + 146, M30a2, M5a3b, M6a1 +5585 + 146 + 1508) and centre (M2a1a1b, M3b, M3a1a,M63, M5a2a2 + 234, M5a3a and M61a + 5294).

West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in South Asia: Multiple dispersals from the northwest since the LGM Prehistoric West Eurasian lineages make up almost 20%of the South Asian genetic pool overall.

The Pakistani Muslim Balochi, Brahui and Makrani

carry ~15% of the Near Eastern/Arabian component

(yellow), which is carried across Europe with the spread

of the Early Neolithic [75, 77]. However, this component

is virtually absent in other South Asians (including

Muslims) except for Jewish groups (supporting previous

mtDNA evidence for little genetic input from Arabia

into Indian Muslim populations [78]

The Pakistani Muslim Balochi, Brahui and Makrani

carry ~15% of the Near Eastern/Arabian component

(yellow), which is carried across Europe with the spread

of the Early Neolithic [75, 77]. However, this component

is virtually absent in other South Asians (including

Muslims) except for Jewish groups (supporting previous

mtDNA evidence for little genetic input from Arabia

into Indian Muslim populations [78]

from  A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals Pedro Soares et all

Subcontinent points to heavily

sex-biased dispersals

Deep relation between Indian HG and European mtDNA

Compared to South Asia and NE Asia, The peopling of Europe was more marked by human population expansions and contractions associated with major climatic events. Numerous studies indicate a dramatic population contraction in Palaeolithic Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~26.6–19 cal kyr BP)

With the onset of the LGM, a population decline is observed in central Europe and human populations associated with the Gravettian technologies (33–25 cal kyr BP) retreated to southern latitudes, to regions in today’s Italy and central/southeastern Europe.  Solutrean lithic tradition rooted in western European Late Gravettian technologies emerged during this period of intense cold called Heinrich 2 Event and following the LGM. 

These earliest European population bottleneck from a Goyet like population during post LGM led to mtDNA H which is now the major mtDNA lineage in Europe. 

The recent re-excavations at Bacho Kiro cave (Bulgaria) by archaeologists from Bulgaria and Germany discovered remains of Homo sapiens dated to ~ 45/ 43,000 calBP (Hublin 2020). Three individuals from the Initial Upper Paleolithic layer and another one (a lovely lady) dating to ~ 37,000 calBP (~ Aurignacian era in Europe) were sequenced (Hajdinjak 2021).

The Goyet IUP lineage came in as a part pre-Bacho Kiro lineage and another branching from a later lineage. The paper by Hajdinjak et al found that IUP Bacho Kiro Cave individuals were related to populations that contributed ancestry to the Tianyuan individual in China as well as, to a lesser extent, to the GoyetQ116-1 and Ust’Ishim individuals (all |Z| < 3; Fig. 2d, Supplementary Information 6). This resolves the previously unclear relationship between the GoyetQ116-1 and Tianyuan individuals without the need for gene flow between these two geographically distant individuals. The cumulative evidence has also established that Upper Paleloithic populations in Europe and Siberia carried ‘East Asian’ lineages like Y-hg NO, C, F and mtDNA M, but these became increasingly attenuated by the Holocene.

From Hajdinjak – populations related to the IUP Bacho Kiro Cave individuals disappeared in western Eurasia without leaving a detectable genetic contribution to later populations, as indicated by the fact that later individuals, including BK1653 at Bacho Kiro Cave, were closer to present-day European populations than to present-day Asian populations.

the Bacho Kiro Cave genomes show that several distinct

modern human populations existed during the early Upper Palaeolithic

in Eurasia. Some of these populations, represented by the Oase1 and

Ust’Ishim individuals, show no detectable affinities to later popula-

tions, whereas groups related to the IUP Bacho Kiro Cave individuals

contributed to later populations with Asian ancestry as well as some

western Eurasian humans such as the GoyetQ116-1 individual in Belgium.

This is consistent with the fact that IUP archaeological assemblages are

found from central and eastern Europe to present-day Mongolia

5,15,16

(Fig.1), and a putative IUP dispersal that reached from eastern Europe

to East Asia. Eventually populations related to the IUP Bacho Kiro Cave

individuals disappeared in western Eurasia without leaving a detectable

genetic contribution to later populations, as indicated by the fact that

later individuals, including BK1653 at Bacho Kiro Cave, were closer to

present-day Europeanpopulations than to present-day Asianpopula-

tions

29,30

. In Europe, the notion of successive population replacements is

also consistent with the archaeological record, where the IUP is clearly

intrusive against the Middle Palaeolithic background and where, apart

from the common focus on blades, there are no clear technological con-

d

Evidently, IUP diversity in Europe and western Siberia diminished and was supplanted by so-called West Eurasians (with some IUP-related ancestry preserved in the western Europe and Siberia in the East)

 The earliest Bacho Kiro consists of Y-haplogroup C1, mtDNA-haplogroups U2 and U8c but the later ones are F* and F-M89. The C1 and F* are rare and found in few places in oceania nowadays. the F-M89 is found in South Asia widely and in small numbers world wide.

Vestonice: 84% Sunghir + 16% Villabruna
El Miron: 48% Villabruna + 56% Goyet
Loschbour: 91% Villabruna + 9% Goyet

Durjaya

 Durjaya was the lineage claimed by Medieval kings like Kakatiyas and Kamma caste chieftains

Durjaya occurs multiple times in Danavas who are branch of Asuras some of whom were part of Yadu tribes

Timeline fingerprint showing major admix with SNP count on my file

 

Following timeline fingerprint diagrams show major cluster of admix like Otzi dating to chalcolithic age, Greek Islanders to the EBA, Shahr-e-Sokhta to the Bronze Age, Karasuk to the LBA, Later Greek admix like Greek nestorian and Mycenean to the LBA, Swat valley corresponding to the IA, Saidu Sharif to the Later IA, eastern Scytian to the BA etc...